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There are basically two types of fire retardant - intumescents and non-intumescents. Here's the simple explanation. Intumescents swell up when exposed to heat. Non-intumescents don't.More complex explanation.When exposed to flame or heat above around 325°F, intumescent coatings swell up and form a thick layer of char. The heat causes a chemical reaction that generates gas that fills tiny little pockets in the coating - almost like foam. That foam insulates and protects the substrate from th …